reading The Hidden Life of Trees – Chapter 21

hidden-life-of-trees-chapter-21-notes

Peter Wohlleben’s The Hidden Life of Trees

Page numbers in parentheses. Italics are my own questions of the text.

Chapter 20 Notes

Chapter 17 Notes            Chapter 18 Notes          Chapter 19 Notes

Chapter 14 Notes             Chapter 15 Notes         Chapter 16 Notes

Chapter 13 Notes             Chapter 12 Notes         Chapter 11 Notes

Chapter 10 Notes             Chapter 9 Notes           Chapter 8 Notes

Chapter 7 Notes               Chapter 6 Notes           Chapter 5 Notes

Chapters 3 & 4 Notes      Chapter 2 Notes      Foreword, Introductions, and Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 21 – Mothership of Biodiversity

dr martin gossner (131)

• bavarian national forest

• 600 year old tree

• oldest in the forest

• sprayed with insecticide pyrethum

• 2,041 animals (132)

• 257 different species

split trunk of tree

• rainwater collects at point of division

• home to tiny flies that are food for beetles

trunk cavities with water

• even though its dark with low oxygen species live there too

• bumblebee hover fly larvae

• have snorkels

• bacteria as food source

dead trunk (133)

• resource for children trees

• little trees don’t have direct access to the dead trunk

• need help from other organisms

• fungi and insects

stag beetles (133)

• adult only lives a few weeks

• can stay in larvae stage for 8 years

• eats its way through dead roots of deciduous trees

6,000 species depend on dead wood

• removing dead wood destroys habitat

• live wood is of no use to species that live in dead wood

spruce

• sprout particularly well in cradle of dead parent tree

• nurse log reproduction or cadaver rejuvenation

reading The Hidden Life of Trees – Chapter 20

hidden-life-of-trees-chapter-20-notes

 

Peter Wohlleben’s The Hidden Life of Trees

Page numbers in parentheses. Italics are my own questions of the text.

Chapter 17 Notes            Chapter 18 Notes          Chapter 19 Notes

Chapter 14 Notes             Chapter 15 Notes         Chapter 16 Notes

Chapter 13 Notes             Chapter 12 Notes         Chapter 11 Notes

Chapter 10 Notes             Chapter 9 Notes           Chapter 8 Notes

Chapter 7 Notes               Chapter 6 Notes           Chapter 5 Notes

Chapters 3 & 4 Notes      Chapter 2 Notes      Foreword, Introductions, and Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 20 – Community Housing Project

• birds, martins & bats (125)

• like thick trunks

• good insulation

• woodpeckers

• hack out 1 or two inch hole

• black woodpeckers

• work on multiple holes

• one for kids, one for sleeping

• take a month long break (126)

• fungi pitches in

• fungi keeps eating deeper

• woodpecker clears it out

• until hole too big for baby birds

• woodpecker moves out

• nuthatch (127)

• moves in

• closes up the too large entrance with mud

• wood conducts sound

• works as alarm for martins or squirrels

• if the bird has young can try to distract

• rarely works

• often have to try and raise a second brood

• bats

• some species need multiple homes to raise young (128)

• some species the females raise their young together

• spend only a few days in some quarters

• have to move before parasites move in

• owls

• need larger entrance

•trees try to heal wounds

• woodpeckers just hammer new wood away

•now rotting wood

• wood ants (129)

• fungi

• beetles

• animal excrement

• feeds bloodnecked click beetle

• hermit beetles

• can live in a tree for decades

• tree as community servant

• the more species diversity the less chance one will take over

reading The Hidden Life of Trees – Chapter 19 – Yours and Mine

hidden-life-of-trees-chapter-19-notes

Peter Wohlleben’s The Hidden Life of Trees

Page numbers in parentheses. Italics are my own questions of the text.

Chapter 17 Notes            Chapter 18 Notes

Chapter 14 Notes             Chapter 15 Notes         Chapter 16 Notes

Chapter 13 Notes             Chapter 12 Notes         Chapter 11 Notes

Chapter 10 Notes             Chapter 9 Notes           Chapter 8 Notes

Chapter 7 Notes               Chapter 6 Notes           Chapter 5 Notes

Chapters 3 & 4 Notes      Chapter 2 Notes      Foreword, Introductions, and Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 19 – Yours and Mine

this chapter outlines all of the ways trees get attacked throughout their lifetime

single tree contains millions of calories (114)

• sugar • cellulose • lignin • carbs

• woodpecker

• beak and head muscles absorb impact

• sapsuckers drill dotted line in the thinner branches

• trees must tolerate

• aphids

• attach mouth sucking parts to veins in leaves and needles

• sap runs right through them out into very large droplets – ‘honeydew’

• very little protein

• expel mostly carbs and sugar

• specialized aphids for each tree species

• wooly beetle scale (115)

• attacks bark

• envelop trunks with silvery white wool

• festering wounds in bark

• take a long time to heal

• if fungi get in tree can die

• ladybug larvae (116)

• devour aphids

• forest ants

• eat honeydew right off aphid backsides

• ants protect the aphids

• honeybees

• make dark forest honey out of honeydew

• gall midges and wasps

• larvae feed on leaves

• saliva reprograms leaves to grow into casing, also called a gall

• leaves fall to the ground, and the midge pupates and hatches (117)

• caterpillars

• eat leaves and needles in their entirety

• trees stripped of leaves by june

• tree mounts a comeback

• however after 2 – 3 years in a row of attacks, trees can die

• bird cherry (118)

• leaves contain nectar gland

• nectar for ants

• ants rid the bird cherry of caterpillars

• ants will farm aphids (119)

• barb beetle

• single beetle mounts attack

• if successful calls in reinforcements

• or tree kills first beetle

• cambrium

• active layer between bark and wood

• succulent • sugar • minerals

• people can eat

• tastes like resinous carrot

• spruce

• defend with

• terpenes, phenols

• can kill beetles

• beetles arm themselves with fungi

• fungi go in ahead of the beetles

• fungi moves faster than drilling beetles

• fungi breaks down defense chemicals into harmless substances

• large herbivores (120)

• not much greenery on forest floor

• leaves of trees in crown too high

• not many deer in forests

• old tree falls over

• light reaches forest floor for a few years

• wild flowers and grasses grow

• light = sugar

• trees bud (121)

• trees have to grow fast enough that the large herbivores can’t get to them

• honey fungus mushroom

• fruiting body on tree stumps in fall (122)

• mycelium

• force their way into roots

• steal from cambrium

• eat through wood

• causes host wood to rot

• pinesap

• same family as blueberries

• can’t photosynthesize

• taps into link between fungi & roots

• small cow wheat

• similar to pinesap

• male deer

• rub the velvet off antlers using young trees

• uses the uncommon local tree for some reason why?

• trees equal less than 4 inches

• grass is a rarity in a natural forest

• deer forced into forests

• sneak out at night

• eat tree bark in desperation

• tree is full in summer

• bark easy to peel

• winter

• deer can only peel off chunks

• trees in natural woods can survive this

• tough because of slow growth

• commercial forests

• trees grow quickly

• contain a great deal of air

• room for fungi

• snap in middle age

reading The Hidden Life of Trees – Chapter 18 – The Forest as a Water Pump

hidden-life-of-trees-chapter-18-notesPeter Wohlleben’s The Hidden Life of Trees

Page numbers in parentheses. Italics are my own questions of the text.

Chapter 17 Notes

Chapter 14 Notes             Chapter 15 Notes         Chapter 16 Notes

Chapter 13 Notes             Chapter 12 Notes         Chapter 11 Notes

Chapter 10 Notes             Chapter 9 Notes           Chapter 8 Notes

Chapter 7 Notes               Chapter 6 Notes           Chapter 5 Notes

Chapters 3 & 4 Notes      Chapter 2 Notes      Foreword, Introductions, and Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 18 – The Forest as a Water Pump

land higher than water (105)

•should dry out but

• clouds form over oceans

• blow in from wind

• if this was the only system it would be dry 400 miles inland

thank goodness for trees and forests (106)

• rainfall intercepted in canopy

• evaporates immediately

• use up to 8500 cubic yds of water per mile

• water vapor creates more clouds

• clouds can travel farther inland

FOR WATER TO MAKE IT INLAND WE MUST HAVE FOREST

• coastal forests are the foundation of this system

• whole process breaks down if coastal forests cleared

• AMAZON FOREST DRYING OUT (107)

conifers

• release terpenes

• defense against illness and pests

• moisture condenses on molecules

• creates clouds twice as thick as over non forested areas

regular rainfall vital

• streams, ponds, and forests require STABILITY

trees slow rainfall (108)

• water drips gently from branches and leaves

• loosely packed soil absorbs water

• water droplets don’t join to form streams that rush away soil

• moisture takes decades to be released

streams

• more susceptible to temperature variations than springs (109)

• winter

• trees help prevent freezing

• bare branches allow warmth through

• also prevented by water moving over uneven bottom

• spring and summer

• new leaves shade stream from heat

• fall

• cool air and leaves fall and allow warmth in

• coniferous tree streams

• more susceptible to freezing (109)

• dead trees falling across streambeds (110)

• provide calm water

• slows water to give bacteria more time to break down leaves and debris

• foam

• humic acids

• beneficial how?

beaver

• can bring down 3 – 4 inch trees in one night (111)

• stockpile twigs and branches

• lodge gets larger

• underwater camouflaged entrances

• build dams

• blocks streams

• turns them into large ponds

• alders and willows grow

• beeches die

• regulates water supplies

deciduous trees

• chaffinch

• rustred bird with gray head

• chip chip chip chooee chooee if sunny

• if rain on way: run run run run run

reading The Hidden Life of Trees – Chapter 17 – Woody Climate Control

hidden-life-of-trees-chapter-17-notes

Peter Wohlleben’s The Hidden Life of Trees

Page numbers in parentheses. Italics are my own questions of the text.

Chapter 14 Notes             Chapter 15 Notes         Chapter 16 Notes

Chapter 13 Notes             Chapter 12 Notes         Chapter 11 Notes

Chapter 10 Notes             Chapter 9 Notes           Chapter 8 Notes

Chapter 7 Notes               Chapter 6 Notes           Chapter 5 Notes

Chapters 3 & 4 Notes      Chapter 2 Notes      Foreword, Introductions, and Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 17 – Woody Climate Control

Bamburg Germany (99)

• sandy, nutrient deficient soil

• forest specialists  thought only pines could flourish there

• beeches planted

• created alkaline humus

• stored water

• air becomes moist

• trees slow the wind

• grows above the pines

• FOREST CREATED ITS OWN IDEAL HABITAT! (100)

temperature differences between thinned conifers and naturally aged beech

• deciduous 50º < than coniferous

• due to biomass and shade

• more living and dead wood in the forest

• thicker layer of humus

• more water stored in total forest mass

• evaporation leads to cooling which in turn leads to evaporation

• intact forests sweat to cool (101)

• can see this in trees planted too close to houses

• tree sweats so profusely that algae and moss colonize the house

downpours

• deciduous trees open leaves of crown

• water runs down trunk

• foams up

• stored in soil

reading The Hidden Life of Trees – Chapter 16 – Carbon Dioxide Vacuums

hidden-life-of-trees-chapter-16-notes

Peter Wohlleben’s The Hidden Life of Trees

Page numbers in parentheses. Italics are my own questions of the text.

Chapter 14 Notes             Chapter 15 Notes

Chapter 13 Notes             Chapter 12 Notes         Chapter 11 Notes

Chapter 10 Notes             Chapter 9 Notes           Chapter 8 Notes

Chapter 7 Notes               Chapter 6 Notes           Chapter 5 Notes

Chapters 3 & 4 Notes      Chapter 2 Notes      Foreword, Introductions, and Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 16 – Carbon Dioxide Vacuums

forest systems are complicated (93)

• co2 = humus (94)

• becomes more concentrated over time

• far distant future:

• can become coal

• bituminous

• anthracite

today’s fossil fuels (94)

• trees that died 300 million years ago

• trees looked different then

• 100 ft tall horsetail or fern

• trunk diameters of 6 ft

• most trees grew in swamps

• died of old age

• splashed down in stagnant water

• hardly rotted at all

• over thousands of years became layers of peat

• rocky layer

• pressure turned peat into coal

today no coal is formed

• forests are constantly cleared

• sun reaches down

• kicks trees into high gear (95)

• consumes humus deep down into soil

• carbon stores in our latitudes being consumed as fast as its being formed

trees have been removing carbon from atmosphere for millions of years (96)

• we’re reversing the trend

• trees are growing more quickly so not living as long

shatters long-held belief that young trees grow faster

• older the tree the more quickly it grows (97) !

IN ORDER TO USE FORESTS IN FIGHT AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING

• we must allow them to grow old (98)

reading The Hidden Life of Trees – Chapter 15 – In The Realm of Darkness

hidden-life-of-trees-chapter-15-notes

Peter Wohlleben’s The Hidden Life of Trees

Page numbers in parentheses. Italics are my own questions of the text.

Chapter 14 Notes

Chapter 13 Notes             Chapter 12 Notes         Chapter 11 Notes

Chapter 10 Notes             Chapter 9 Notes           Chapter 8 Notes

Chapter 7 Notes               Chapter 6 Notes           Chapter 5 Notes

Chapters 3 & 4 Notes      Chapter 2 Notes      Foreword, Introductions, and Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 15 – In The Realm of Darkness

half of the biomass of forest is in the soil (85)

• most life can not be seen by naked eye

• more life forms in a handful of forest soil than people on the planet (86) is that true?

• teaspoonful contains miles of fungal filaments

when soil first created:

extraordinary to consider that soil is something that is formed over time – not something that just exists. i’m even more dismissive of it when I think of it as simply ‘dirt’. dirt feels dead – but soil feels alive and thriving

• geological processes in ice age

• sub zero temps

• glaciers ground down fragments

• created loosely packed substrate

• bacteria fungi and plants died to form humus

• trees moved in thousands of years later

• stabilized soil with root systems

• humus grows deeper

• early stages of bituminous coal

erosion

• forests left undisturbed

• lose only 1 to 14 tons of soil per square mile annually (87)

• soil becomes deeper and richer

• growing conditions constantly improve

animals

• beetle mites, springtails, pseudocentipedes

• first link in food chain

• terrestrial plankton

• countless species waiting to be discovered

beetles (88)

• oribatid mites

• live off leaves and bark fragments, and fungi

weevils

• ‘tiny elephants’

• most species-rich family of insects in the world (89)

• eat small holes in leaves

• plant eggs

• larvae eat their way out

• some species can no longer fly

• can only travel 30 ft per year at best

• only there if undisturbed forest

• forests cleared in middle ages won’t have them

• starve and die out in altered forests

will there ever be old growth forests again (90)

• bavarian forest (national park)

• microscopic organisms can cover long distances

• (by bird)

• if there are more undisturbed forests, they can make a comeback

Lüneberg Heath (91)

• planted oaks 100 years ago

• still gaps in microscopic species

• need preserves of ancient forests

• like Hümmel (92) with mixed use

• burial sites

• restore longleaf pines in southwest usa how so?

• ancient Caledonian Forests

reading The Hidden Life of Trees – Chapter 14 – Tree or Not Tree?

hidden-life-of-trees-chapter-14-notes

Peter Wohlleben’s The Hidden Life of Trees

Page numbers in parentheses. Italics are my own questions of the text.

Chapter 11 Notes              Chapter 12 Notes    Chapter 13 Notes

Chapter 10 Notes             Chapter 9 Notes      Chapter 8 Notes

Chapter 7 Notes               Chapter 6 Notes      Chapter 5 Notes

Chapters 3 & 4 Notes      Chapter 2 Notes      Foreword, Introductions, and Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 14 – Tree or Not Tree?

what is a tree? (79)

• dwarf trees on tundra

• 8 inches tall (80)

• (arctic shrubby birch)

• can grow 10 ft tall trunks

• mostly eye level

small beeches, mountain ash

• browsed on by mammals

• grow multiple shoots like bushes

stump?

• new stumps grow out of old stumps

• ‘coppicing’

• trees cut down to base of stump

• new trunks grow from base

• oak and hornbeam

• are those trunks now young trees? (81)

• or are they thousands of years old?

• oldest spruce in Dalarna

• flat shrubby growth around small single trunk

• carbon 14 dating = 9,550 years old!

root regrows trunk time and time again

• roots most important part of tree (82)

• equivalent of brain

• has to store experience somewhere

• most permanent part of tree

• where else would it store information?

can plants think? (83)

• frantisek baluska

• institute of cellular and molecular biology university of bonn

• brain like structure in root tips

• root feels its way through the ground

• aware of stimuli

• toxins

• stones

• saturated soil

reading The Hidden Life of Trees – Chapter 13 – Specialists

hidden-life-of-trees-chapter-13-notes

Peter Wohlleben’s The Hidden Life of Trees

Page numbers in parentheses. Italics are my own questions of the text.

Chapter 11 Notes              Chapter 12 Notes

Chapter 10 Notes             Chapter 9 Notes      Chapter 8 Notes

Chapter 7 Notes               Chapter 6 Notes      Chapter 5 Notes

Chapters 3 & 4 Notes      Chapter 2 Notes      Foreword, Introductions, and Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 13 – Specialists

once a seed lands, there’s not many transportation opportunities (73)

• once it sprouts, it’s stuck in that spot for life

• trees want:

• nutrient rich loose crumbly soil

• aerated to a depth of many feet (74)

• not too hot in summer

• not too cold in winter

• moderate snowfall

• fall storms moderated by hills or mountain ridges

• not too many fungi in forest

• if all this occurred competition would be won by beeches

when you look at a forest or woods after reading this book you realize every tree out there is a goddamn miracle

• spruce (75)

• can get foothold where summer is short and winter cold

• store oils in needles and bark

• antifreeze

• even with just a few weeks of photosynthesis can grow an inch or two in a year

• holding needles is risky

• snowfall can break a tree

• so it grows a STRAIGHT trunk

• branch angles down as snow falls on them (76)

• most snow falls around not on

• needles present more surface area to wind

• protected by slow rate of growth

•yew

• grows under beeches

• only gets 3% of available light

• 100 years to reach 20 – 30 feet and sexual maturity

• herbivores nibble them down

• dying beeches can bury it

• builds up its root system (77)

• stores nutrients

• grows right back

• multiple trunks merge at advanced age

• live to 1000+ years

• no more than 65 ft tall

• hornbeam

• related to birch

• tries to imitate yew

• low light

• grows to only 65 ft

• if it gets enough light

• grows in severe drought and shade

• alder

• don’t grow as tall as competitors

• can grow on swampy ground

• air ducts inside roots

• transport oxygen to tiniest tips

• like divers connected to surface via breathing tube

• cork cells in lower trunk

• allow air to enter when underwater

• but after extended period underwater alders can weaken

• fungi eats

reading The Hidden Life of Trees – Chapter 12

hidden-life-of-trees-chapter-12-notes

Peter Wohlleben’s The Hidden Life of Trees

Page numbers in parentheses. Italics are my own questions of the text.

Chapter 11 Notes

Chapter 10 Notes             Chapter 9 Notes      Chapter 8 Notes

Chapter 7 Notes               Chapter 6 Notes      Chapter 5 Notes

Chapters 3 & 4 Notes      Chapter 2 Notes      Foreword, Introductions, and Chapter 1 Notes

Chapter 12 Mighty Oak or Mighty Wimp?

beeches

• central europe is their home (69)

• harass other species

• how?

• jay buries beechnut by an oak

• seed sprouts

• sapling grows upwards

• oak provides shade

• beech roots

• penetrate every inch of space oak roots not using

• soak up oak’s water

• after 150 years

• grows into crown of oak

• extends crown

• catches 97% of light

• oak starves

• desperately tries to grow leaves at base of trunk

• oak

• tough with no competition (70)

• oaks can last 500 years outside the forest

• beeches need the forest – can only last 200 years

• wounds or cracks in trunk:

• protected with tannins (71)

• discourage fungi growth

• branches broken

• can grow replacement crown

• thick bark

• beeches are thin-skinned (72)